Gérard Israël, member of CRIF’s Executive Committee and representative of the CRIF to the French Catholic Church discussed the stakes of the Jewish–Christian dialogue, questioning the possibility of the Church to change after “centuries and centuries of Christian teaching about the Jews”, quoting the Papal encyclical Nostra Aetate. “This act of justice,” said Israel, “enabled John Paul II to proclaim that the existence of the Jewish people was a supernatural fact. (…) the Jewish Christian dialogue must move from a simple fraternal understanding towards a spiritual reconciliation and even to a theological reconciliation.”